Secondary prevention includes screening for which of the following?

Secondary prevention includes screening for which of the following?

• A. Water fluoridation
• B. Vaccinations
• C. Papanicolaou tests
• D. Smoking cessation programs

Answer: (C)

Secondary prevention focuses on finding disease early in people without symptoms so treatment can prevent progression. A Pap smear screens for cervical cancer by detecting precancerous changes or early cancer before symptoms appear, allowing timely intervention to prevent invasion and spread. The other measures are primary prevention: water fluoridation reduces dental caries before they occur, vaccines prevent infectious diseases from developing, and smoking cessation programs reduce risk factors that could lead to disease.

Secondary prevention focuses on finding disease early in people without symptoms so treatment can prevent progression. A Pap smear screens for cervical cancer by detecting precancerous changes or early cancer before symptoms appear, allowing timely intervention to prevent invasion and spread.

The other measures are primary prevention: water fluoridation reduces dental caries before they occur, vaccines prevent infectious diseases from developing, and smoking cessation programs reduce risk factors that could lead to disease.